Miscellaneous · Evolutionary Biology

Fisher's Principle

Why does almost every species settle at a roughly 50:50 ratio of males to females? Set a lopsided starting population, press play, and watch natural selection drag it back to parity — generation by generation. Blue = male, pink = female.

Set up the population

The natural default. How faithfully a parent's birth-strategy passes to its young. Higher = strong inheritance; lower = more random drift each generation.

Why it lands on 50:50

Every child has exactly one mother and one father. So across a whole generation, the total number of children credited to all males equals the total credited to all females — the two sexes always split parenthood evenly, as a group.

That means whichever sex is rarer divides the same reproductive pie among fewer individuals — so each rare-sex individual has more children on average. A gene that nudges parents to produce the rarer sex therefore leaves more grandchildren, and spreads.

As that gene spreads, the rare sex becomes less rare — until neither sex has an advantage. That balance point is exactly 50:50. It is self-correcting from either direction.

  1. Each individual carries a heritable birth-strategy — its tendency to produce sons vs. daughters.
  2. Rare-sex individuals get chosen as parents more often, so their strategy genes spread.
  3. The population's average strategy, and its sex ratio, both converge on 50%.

Model: a haploid sex-ratio allele under Fisherian selection. Small populations can drift or even collapse — that's real biology, not a bug.

Generation 0

Generation
0
Males
90
Females
10
% Male
90%
Avg strategy (P son)
90% 10%
50:50 target

Family tree — every generation, stacked

The top row is your starting population. Each row below is the generation its parents produced. Every row is the same total size — blue males packed left, pink females right — so the moving boundary is the sex ratio. Watch it march toward the centre line: parity.

Males Females Ratio boundary 50:50 centre